Introduction常用逻辑结构和句式结构
相信每位留学生在写作业的时候都有这样的感觉：Introduction是最难写，也是最耗费时间的部分。一个好的Introduction可以全面概述论文的主题和目的，让阅卷老师和读者眼前一亮。
什么是Introduction呢？
Introduction是论文的序幕，目的是向读者介绍本研究的“前世今生”。
总的来说，Introduction既是对过去和现在研究的系统精炼性的介绍、评价和总结；又是对本篇研究工作的提纲挈领的总结，提出科学假说，概括研究方法和研究结果，突出研究的创新性和研究意义，从而进一步吸引读者兴趣。
Introduction通常占整篇文章的5-10%，可怕的是，如果英文水平捉襟见肘点，那么整篇论文简直就是大型灾难现场。
地道的英语多用被动语态，句式也丰富多变。多掌握一些常用句式能够很快的帮我们搭建文章的结构，增加文章的可读性，理顺行文思路。
咱们今天就一起学习一下Introduction的常用逻辑结构和常用句式结构吧。
Introduction常用的逻辑结构
1.表述研究主题的价值、意义；
2.简要回顾领域内的相关学术文献；
3.目前存在的问题、争议或知识缺口；
4.介绍本研究的目的、研究问题或假设；
5.提供研究设计和方法的概要；
6.解释研究的意义或价值；
7.提供论文整体结构的概述。
具体举例
a）题XXX是重要的；
b）以往研究A、B曾经研究过这个问题；
c）但A、B的局限性和缺陷是XXX；
d）我们提出了新方法C/发现了新的C现象；
e）C的基本特征，和A、B进行比较；
f）实验证明C比A、B优越；
g）文章的基本结构，大纲。
根据上面总结的Introduction的7个逻辑结构，我们再看看它有哪些常用的句型，以下是曼彻斯特大学官网给出的官方标准版，大家可以用作参考。
01.表述研究主题对世界或社会的重要性
1.X is fundamental to …
2.X has a pivotal role in …
3.X is frequently prescribed for …
4.X is fast becoming a key instrument in …
5.X plays a vital role in the metabolism of …
6.X plays a critical role in the maintenance of …
7.Xs have emerged as powerful platforms for …
8.X is essential for a wide range of technologies.
9.X can play an important role in addressing the issue of …
10.Xs are the most potent anti-inflammatory agents known.
11.There is evidence that X plays a crucial role in regulating …
12.X is a common condition which has considerable impact on …
13.In the new global economy, X has become a central issue for …
14.Evidence suggests that X is among the most important factors for …
15.X is important for a wide range of scientific and industrial processes.
16.Xs are one of the most widely used groups of antibacterial agents and …
17.There is a growing body of literature that recognises the importance of …
18.X is an important component in the climate system, and plays a key role in Y.
19.In the history of development economics, X has been thought of as a key factor in …
20.Xs are one of the most widely used groups of Y and have been extensively used for ….
02.表述研究主题对于学科的重要性
1.A key aspect of X is …
2.X is of interest because …
3.X is a classic problem in …
4.A primary concern of X is …
5.X is a dominant feature of …
6.X is an important aspect of …
7.X is a fundamental property of …
8.The concepts of X and Y are central to …
9.X is at the heart of our understanding of …
10.Investigating X is a continuing concern within …
11.X is a major area of interest within the field of …
12.X has been studied by many researchers using …
13.X has been an object of research since the 1960s.
14.X has been the subject of many classic studies in …
15.X has been instrumental in our understanding of …
16.The theory of X provides a useful account of how …
17.Central to the entire discipline of X is the concept of …
18.X is an increasingly important area in applied linguistics.
19.The issue of X has received considerable critical attention.
20.X has long been a question of great interest in a wide range of fields.
03.研究主题：时间上的重要性
1.Recently, there has been renewed interest in …
2.Traditionally, Xs have subscribed to the belief that …
3.One of the most important events of the 1970s was …
4.In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in …
5.Recent developments in X have heightened the need for …
6.The last two decades have seen a growing trend towards …
7.Recently, researchers have shown an increased interest in …
8.Over the past century, there has been a dramatic increase in …
9.Recent trends in X have led to a proliferation of studies that …
10.X proved an important literary genre in the early Y community.
11.The past decade has seen the rapid development of X in many …
12.Since it was reported in 2005, X has been attracting a lot of interest.
13.Recently, a considerable literature has grown up around the theme of …
14.Recent developments in the field of X have led to a renewed interest in …
15.The past thirty years have seen increasingly rapid advances in the field of …
16.The changes experienced by X over the past decade remain unprecedented.
17.In light of recent events in X, it is becoming extremely difficult to ignore the existence of …
04.研究主题：亟待解决的问题
1.X is a major problem in …
2.Of particular concern is …
3.One of the main obstacles …
4.One of the greatest challenges …
5.A key issue is the safe disposal of …
6.The main disadvantage of X is that …
7.X is associated with increased risk of …
8.X impacts negatively upon a range of …
9.X is a common disorder characterised by …
10.It is now well established that X can impair …
11.X has led to the decline in the population of …
12.X is a growing public health concern worldwide.
13.The main challenge faced by many researchers is the …
14.X is one of the most frequently stated problems with …
15Lack of X has existed as a health problem for many years.
16.X is a major environmental problem, and the main cause of …
17.Xs are one of the most rapidly declining groups of insects in …
18.X is the leading cause of death in western-industrialised countries.
19.Exposure to X has been shown to be related to adverse effects in …
20.There is increasing concern that some Xs are being disadvantaged …
21.There is an urgent need to address the safety problems caused by …
However,
1.X may cause …
2.X is limited by …
3.X suffers from …
4.X is too expensive to be used for …
5.X has accentuated the problem of …
6.the performance of X is limited by …
7.X could be a contributing factor to …
8.the synthesis of X remains a major challenge.
9.X can be extremely harmful to human beings.
10.research has consistently shown that X lacks …
11.a major problem with this kind of application is …
12.the determination of X is technically challenging.
13.current methods of X have proven to be unreliable.
14.these rapid changes are having a serious effect on …
15.X can be adversely affected under certain conditions.
16.observations have indicated a serious decline in the population of...
05.以往研究已证实....
1.Recent evidence suggests that …
2.Extensive research has shown that …
3.Studies of X show the importance of …
4.It has previously been observed that …
5.Several attempts have been made to …
6.Previous research has established that …
7.Data from several studies suggest that …
8.Recent work by historians has established that …
9.Previous research comparing X and Y has found …
10.The existing body of research on X suggests that …
11.There is a growing body of literature that recognises …
12.Several theories on the origin of X have been proposed.
13.Existing research recognises the critical role played by …
14.It is now well established from a variety of studies, that …
15.Recently investigators have examined the effects of X on Y.
16.Surveys such as that conducted by Smith (1988) have shown that …
17.Factors found to be influencing X have been explored in several studies.
18.A number of cross-sectional studies suggest an association between X and Y…
19.Studies over the past two decades have provided important information on …
20.A considerable amount of literature has been published on X. These studies …
06.领域内的争论、分歧、知识缺陷
1.A much debated question is whether …
2.One major issue in early X research concerned …
3.To date there has been little agreement on what …
4.The issue has grown in importance in light of recent …
5.One of the most significant current discussions in X is …
6.In the literature on X, the relative importance of Y is debated.
7.One observer has already drawn attention to the paradox in …
8.Questions have been raised about the use of animal subjects in …
9.In many Xs, a debate is taking place between Ys and Zs concerning …
10.Debate continues about the best strategies for the management of …
11.This concept has recently been challenged by X studies demonstrating …
12.The debate about X has gained fresh prominence with many arguing that …
13.Scholars have long debated the impact of X on the creation and diffusion of …
14.More recently, literature has emerged that offers contradictory findings about …
15.One major theoretical issue that has dominated the field for many years concerns …
16.The controversy about scientific evidence for X has raged unabated for over a century.
17.The issue of X has been a controversial and much disputed subject within the field of …
18.The causes of X have been the subject of intense debate within the scientific community.
19.In the literature on X, the relative importance of Y has been subject to considerable discussion.
07.以往研究的不足之处
1.Previous studies of X have not dealt with …
2.Researchers have not treated X in much detail.
3.Such expositions are unsatisfactory because they …
4.Most studies in the field of X have only focused on …
5.Such approaches, however, have failed to address …
6.Previous published studies are limited to local surveys.
7.Half of the studies evaluated failed to specify whether …
8.The research to date has tended to focus on X rather than Y.
9.Previously published studies on the effect of X are not consistent.
10.Smith’s analysis does not take account of …, nor does she examine …
11.The existing accounts fail to resolve the contradiction between X and Y.
12.However, much of the research up to now has been descriptive in nature …
13.The generalisability of much published research on this issue is problematic.
14.Research on the subject has been mostly restricted to limited comparisons of …
15.However, few writers have been able to draw on any systematic research into …
16.Short-term studies such as these do not necessarily show subtle changes over time …
17.Although extensive research has been carried out on X, no single study exists which …
18.However, these results were based upon data from over 30 years ago and it is unclear if …
19.The experimental data are rather controversial, and there is no general agreement about …
20.Most studies in X have only been carried out in a small number of areas.
08.该课题缺少相关研究
1.There is little published data on …
2.No previous study has investigated X.
3.The use of X has not been investigated.
4.There has been no detailed investigation of …
5.There has been little quantitative analysis of …
6.Data about the efficacy and safety of X are limited.
7.Up to now, far too little attention has been paid to …
8.A search of the literature revealed few studies which …
9.The impact of X on Y is understudied, particularly for …
10.Few studies have investigated X in any systematic way …
11.In addition, no research has been found that surveyed …
12.So far, however, there has been little discussion about …
13.So far, very little attention has been paid to the role of X.
14.Surprisingly, the effects of X have not been closely examined.
15.In contrast to X, there is much less information about effects of …
16.A systematic understanding of how X contributes to Y is still lacking.
17.Despite the importance of X, there remains a paucity of evidence on …
18.There have been no controlled studies which compare differences in …
19.To date, the problem has received scant attention in the research literature
20.To date, there are few studies that have investigated the association between …
While / Whilst / Although, some research has been carried out on X.
1.no single study exists which …
2.no studies have been found which …
3.no controlled studies have been reported.
4.only two studies have attempted to investigate …
5.there have been few empirical investigations into …
6.there is still very little scientific understanding of …
7.the mechanism by which … has not been established.
09.知识缺口
1.It is still not known whether …
2.… much less is known about X.
3.The nature of X remains unclear.
4.Currently, there are no data on …
5.What is less clear is the nature of …
6.Very little is currently known about X in …
7.Research to date has not yet determined …
8.What is not yet clear is the impact of X on …
9.There is still uncertainty, however, whether …
10.The response of X to Y is not fully understood.
11.Causal factors leading to X remain speculative.
12.The neurobiological basis of X is poorly understood.
13.Little is known about X and it is not clear what factors …
14.To date, only a limited number of Xs have been identified.
15.The mechanisms that underpin X are not fully understood.
16.Much uncertainty still exists about the relationship between …
17.This indicates a need to understand the various perceptions of X that exist among …
18.It is now well established that … However, the influence of X on Y has remained unclear.
However,
1.very little is known about X in…
2.few studies have investigated …
3.the nature of X remains unclear.
4.much less is known about how …
5.the use of X has not been investigated.
6.far too little attention has been paid to …
7.the behaviour of X has not yet been investigated.
8.the evidence for this relationship is inconclusive …
9.much uncertainty still exists about the relation between …
10.there have been no controlled studies which compare differences in…
10.陈述文章的目的、焦点、争论
1.In this paper, I argue that …
2.This paper attempts to show that …
3.The central thesis of this paper is that …
4.In the pages that follow, it will be argued that …
5.In this essay, I attempt to defend the view that …
6.The aim of this essay is to explore the relationship between …
7.The purpose of this paper is to review recent research into the …
This paper
1.argues that …
2.gives an account of …
3.discusses the case of …
4.analyses the impact of …
5.attempts to show that …
6.contests the claim that …
7.provides an overview of …
8.reviews the evidence for …
9.reports on a study which …
10.traces the development of …
11.explores the ways in which …
12.assesses the significance of …
13.highlights the importance of …
14.considers the implications of …
15.critically examines the view that …
16.proposes a new methodology for …
17.examines the relationship between …
18.compares the different ways in which …
19.investigates the factors that determine …
20.describes the design and implementation of …
11.陈述研究的目标
1.The specific objective of this study was to …
2.An objective of this study was to investigate …
3.This thesis will examine the way in which the …
4.This study set out to investigate the usefulness of …
5.This dissertation seeks to explain the development of …
6.This case study seeks to examine the changing nature of …
7.The objectives of this research are to determine whether …
8.This prospective study was designed to investigate the use of …
9.This research examines the emerging role of X in the context of …
10.This study systematically reviews the data for…, aiming to provide …
11.Drawing upon two strands of research into X, this study attempts to …
12.This thesis intends to determine the extent to which … and whether …
13.This dissertation aims to unravel some of the mysteries surrounding …
14.This study therefore set out to assess the effect of X …, and the effect of …
15.The main aim of this study is to investigate the differences between X and Y.
16.Part of the aim of this project is to develop software that is compatible with …
17.There are two primary aims of this study: 1. To investigate … 2. To ascertain …
18.This study seeks to obtain data which will help to address these research gaps.
19.One purpose of this study was to assess the extent to which these factors were …
20.The purpose of this investigation is to explore the relationship between X and Y.
12.实验设计和实验方法
1.Data for this study were collected using …
2.Five works will be examined, all of which …
3.This investigation takes the form of a case study of the …
4.This study was exploratory and interpretative in nature.
5.This study uses a qualitative case study approach to investigate …
6.The research data in this thesis is drawn from four main sources: …
7.The approach to empirical research adopted for this study was one of …
8.This dissertation follows a case-study design, with in-depth analysis of …
9.By employing qualitative modes of enquiry, I attempt to illuminate the …
10.Qualitative and quantitative research designs were adopted to provide …
11.Both qualitative and quantitative methods were used in this investigation.
12.A holistic approach is utilised, integrating X, Y and Z material to establish …
13.The study was conducted in the form of a survey, with data being gathered via …
14.The methodological approach taken in this study is a mixed methodology based on …
15.A combination of quantitative and qualitative approaches was used in the data analysis.
13.本研究的意义所在
1.This is the first study to …
2.This study provides new insights into …
3.This work will generate fresh insight into …
4.The study offers some important insights into …
5.Understanding the link between X and Y will help …
6.This is the first study to undertake a longitudinal analysis of …
7.The present research explores, for the first time, the effects of …
8.The importance and originality of this study are that it explores …
9.The findings should make an important contribution to the field of ….
10.Characterisation of X is important for our increased understanding of …
11.It is hoped that this research will contribute to a deeper understanding of …
12.This study aims to contribute to this growing area of research by exploring …
13.This project provided an important opportunity to advance the understanding of …
14.Therefore, this study makes a major contribution to research on X by demonstrating …
15.There are several important areas where this study makes an original contribution to …
16.The experimental work presented here provides one of the first investigations into how …
14.本研究的不足之处
1.The thesis does not engage with …
2.It is not the task of this paper to examine …
3.This study is unable to encompass the entire …
4.Establishing X is beyond the scope of this study.
5.It is beyond the scope of this study to examine the …
6.A full discussion of X lies beyond the scope of this study.
7.The reader should bear in mind that the study is based on …
8.Another potential problem is that the scope of my thesis may be too broad.
9.Due to practical constraints, this paper cannot provide a comprehensive review of…
15.表述文章结构
1.The first section of this paper will examine…
2.This paper begins by … It will then go on to …
3.My thesis is composed of four themed chapters.
4.The essay has been organised in the following way.
5.The remaining part of the paper proceeds as follows: …
6.The main issues addressed in this paper are: a), b) and c).
7.This paper first gives a brief overview of the recent history of X.
8.This paper has been divided into four parts. The first part deals with …
9.The third chapter is concerned with the methodology used for this study.
10.The overall structure of the study takes the form of six chapters, including …
11.Chapter Four analyses the results of interviews and focus group discussions undertaken during …
12.Chapter Two begins by laying out the theoretical dimensions of the research, and looks at how …
13.The fourth section presents the findings of the research, focusing on the three key themes that …
16.解释关键术语
1.Throughout this paper, the term ‘X’ will refer to …
2.The term ‘X’ will be used in this thesis to refer to …
3.Historically, the term ‘X’ has been used to describe …
4.It is necessary here to clarify exactly what is meant by …
5.The phrase ‘X’ will be used in this study to describe the …
6.According to Smith (2002), X can be defined as follows: ‘ … ’
7.In this article, the abbreviation XYZ will be used to refer to …
8.Throughout this dissertation, the term ‘X’ will be used to refer to …
9.The term ‘X’ is a relatively new name for …, commonly referred to as …
10.In this essay, the term ‘X’ will be used in its broadest sense to refer to all …
11.In this dissertation, the terms ‘X’ and ‘Y’ are used interchangeably to mean …
12.While a variety of definitions of the term X have been suggested, this paper will use the definition first suggested by Smith (1968) who saw it as …
